When children are very young, parents have no shortage of information about how to ensure the safety of their precious offspring. Most know to keep small objects out of reach, vigilantly heed recall notices for cribs and strollers, and research the right child restraint for the family vehicle.
But what happens when those kids, who just yesterday were taking their first steps, reach that other mobility milestone — getting their first car? Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death among teenagers, and the type of vehicle a teenager drives has a big effect on the degree of risk. Nevertheless, many teenagers are driving — and dying in — the least protective types of vehicles, new studies from IIHS and HLDI show. Parents need more information about which vehicles are the safest choices for young drivers.
IIHS is known for its ratings of new vehicles, but for many families, a 2014 TOP SAFETY PICK orTOP SAFETY PICK+ isn't in the budget for a teen's vehicle. In a national phone survey conducted for IIHS of parents of teen drivers, 83 percent of those who bought a vehicle for their teenagers said they bought it used.
With that reality in mind, the Institute has compiled a list of affordable used vehicles that meet important safety criteria for teen drivers (see below). There are two tiers of recommended vehicles with options at various price points, ranging from less than $5,000 to nearly $20,000, so parents can buy the most safety for their money, whatever their budget.
"A teenager's first car is more than just a financial decision," says IIHS President Adrian Lund. "These lists of recommended used vehicles can help consumers factor in safety, in addition to affordability."
Defining safety
The recommendations are guided by four main principles:
- Young drivers should stay away from high horsepower. More powerful engines can tempt them to test the limits.
- Bigger, heavier vehicles are safer. They protect better in a crash, and HLDI analyses of insurance data show that teen drivers are less likely to crash them in the first place. There are no minicars or small cars on the recommended list. Small SUVs are included because their weight is similar to that of a midsize car.
- Electronic stability control (ESC) is a must. This feature, which helps a driver maintain control of the vehicle on curves and slippery roads, reduces risk on a level comparable to safety belts.
- Vehicles should have the best safety ratings possible. At a minimum, that means good ratings in the IIHS moderate overlap front test, acceptable ratings in the IIHS side crash test and four or five stars from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). IIHS has been conducting frontal tests since 1995 and side tests since 2003, so it is possible to factor these in even for relatively old vehicles. NHTSA's tests have been around even longer.
"Unfortunately, it's very difficult to get a safe vehicle for a teenager at the prices most people are paying," says Anne McCartt, IIHS senior vice president for research. "Our advice to parents would be to remember the risks teens take and consider paying a little more."
All of the recommended used vehicles have standard ESC and provide good protection in moderate overlap front crashes. Those considered "best choices" for under $20,000 also have good ratings for side crash protection, good head restraints and seats for rear crash protection, and good roof strength to protect occupants in rollover crashes. Vehicles considered "good choices" for under $10,000 have good or acceptable side crash protection and head restraints rated better than poor.
The good choices list is meant to provide consumers with a wider array of affordable options. However, compared with the best choices, this second-tier list is somewhat limited and includes many low-volume vehicles that may be hard to find.
"For the list of good choices, we compromised on the things we thought we could compromise on. Standard ESC is not one of those things, and that, frankly, is what is keeping this list so short," Lund says. "That's how important we believe this feature is."
ESC is an offshoot of antilock braking systems that prevents sideways skidding and loss of control that can lead to rollovers and other kinds of crashes. The technology monitors how a vehicle responds to steering input and selectively applies the brakes and modulates engine power to keep the vehicle on the right path. ESC reduces fatal single-vehicle crash risk by about half and fatal multiple-vehicle crash risk by one-fifth (see "Stability control reduces fatal crash risk by a third," June 19, 2010).
Vehicles that have been rated by NHTSA were included in the recommended lists only if they earned four or five stars in the front and side tests under the agency's original testing regime or an overall rating of four or five stars under the newer, more stringent rating system that began with 2011 models. One vehicle, the Hyundai Santa Fe, was excluded from the list of best choices because its 2012 model had an overall rating of just three stars.
High-horsepower vehicles also were left off the lists, but many of the recommended models have high-horsepower versions that should be avoided. The base engines of all the listed vehicles have adequate power for teens.
Parents who don't find a suitable vehicle from the lists of recommended models should seek out a midsize or larger car, an SUV or a minivan with the most safety they can afford. Besides ESC, specific things to look for in a used vehicle are side airbags and low horsepower. In some cases, it may be possible to find an ESC-equipped vehicle for a model on which the technology was optional. Those models aren't included in the recommended lists because equipped vehicles can be difficult to locate. Keep in mind that SUVs and pickups are particularly risky when not equipped with ESC because they are the most prone to rollover crashes. Information about the availability of ESC and side airbags can be found here.
Planning ahead
All of the best choices among the recommended used vehicles and many of the good choices on the list are prior winners of the Institute's TOP SAFETY PICK award.
However, most of these vehicles wouldn't meet the current TOP SAFETY PICK criteria. In addition to good ratings in the moderate overlap front, side, roof strength and head restraint tests, 2014 winners must have a good or acceptable rating in the Institute's newest crash test, the small overlap front test, which replicates what happens when one edge of the vehicle's front hits another vehicle or an object such as a tree or pole. Until recently, few manufacturers designed vehicles with this kind of crash in mind, though many are doing so now because of the IIHS test.
Although there are few affordable used vehicles with good small overlap protection today, in a few years it will be easier to factor in ratings from this new evaluation. Parents whose children still are years away from driving should consider planning ahead for that day. If possible, when buying the next family vehicle, choose one with the most up-to-date safety features, with an eye to giving it to your teenager to drive when the time comes. Look for an IIHS TOP SAFETY PICK or TOP SAFETY PICK+ winner that also earns at least 4 of 5 stars from NHTSA.
BEST CHOICES:
Recommended used vehicles for teens starting under $20,000
Vehicles on this list earn good ratings in the IIHS moderate overlap front, side, roof strength and head restraint tests. If rated by NHTSA, they earn 4 or 5 stars overall or 4 or 5 stars in the front and side tests under the old rating scheme. All come with standard ESC.
Prices, rounded to the nearest $100, were taken from Kelley Blue Book on July 1, 2014, for the lowest trim level and earliest applicable model year based on the following criteria: vehicle in good condition, typical mileage and private party purchase in Arlington, Va.
All of the best choices among the recommended used vehicles and many of the good choices on the list are prior winners of the Institute's TOP SAFETY PICK award.
However, most of these vehicles wouldn't meet the current TOP SAFETY PICK criteria. In addition to good ratings in the moderate overlap front, side, roof strength and head restraint tests, 2014 winners must have a good or acceptable rating in the Institute's newest crash test, the small overlap front test, which replicates what happens when one edge of the vehicle's front hits another vehicle or an object such as a tree or pole. Until recently, few manufacturers designed vehicles with this kind of crash in mind, though many are doing so now because of the IIHS test.
Although there are few affordable used vehicles with good small overlap protection today, in a few years it will be easier to factor in ratings from this new evaluation. Parents whose children still are years away from driving should consider planning ahead for that day. If possible, when buying the next family vehicle, choose one with the most up-to-date safety features, with an eye to giving it to your teenager to drive when the time comes. Look for an IIHS TOP SAFETY PICK or TOP SAFETY PICK+ winner that also earns at least 4 of 5 stars from NHTSA.
BEST CHOICES:
Recommended used vehicles for teens starting under $20,000
Vehicles on this list earn good ratings in the IIHS moderate overlap front, side, roof strength and head restraint tests. If rated by NHTSA, they earn 4 or 5 stars overall or 4 or 5 stars in the front and side tests under the old rating scheme. All come with standard ESC.
Prices, rounded to the nearest $100, were taken from Kelley Blue Book on July 1, 2014, for the lowest trim level and earliest applicable model year based on the following criteria: vehicle in good condition, typical mileage and private party purchase in Arlington, Va.
| LARGE CARS | MODEL YEARS | PRICE |
|---|---|---|
| Saab 9-5 sedan | 2010 and later | $17,500 |
| Lincoln MKS | 2009 and later | $15,500 |
| Buick Regal | 2011 and later | $13,500 |
| Ford Taurus | 2010 and later | $13,500 |
| Buick LaCrosse | 2010 and later | $12,900 |
| Volvo S80 | 2007 and later | $9,000 |
| MIDSIZE CARS | MODEL YEARS | PRICE |
| Toyota Prius v | 2012 and later | $19,100 |
| Mercedes-Benz C-Class sedan | 2009 and later | $16,000 |
| Honda Accord sedan | 2012 and later; coupe 2013-14 | $14,400 |
| Audi A4 | 2009 and later | $14,300 |
| Toyota Camry | 2012 and later | $14,300 |
| Buick Verano | 2012 and later | $14,100 |
| Subaru Outback | 2010 and later | $14,000 |
| Lincoln MKZ | 2010 and later; built after April 2010 | $13,500 |
| Kia Optima | 2011 and later | $13,300 |
| Hyundai Sonata | 2011 and later | $12,100 |
| Subaru Legacy | 2010 and later | $11,900 |
| Dodge Avenger | 2011 and later | $11,600 |
| Audi A3 | 2008 and later | $11,300 |
| Volkswagen CC | 2009 and later | $11,200 |
| Chevrolet Malibu | 2010 and later; built after November 2009 | $10,900 |
| Chrysler 200 sedan | 2011 and later | $10,700 |
| Mercury Milan | 2010-11; built after April 2010 | $10,700 |
| Ford Fusion | 2010 and later; built after April 2010 | $10,200 |
| Volkswagen Passat | 2009 and later | $10,000 |
| Volvo C30 | 2008 and later | $9,800 |
| Volkswagen Jetta SportWagen | 2009 and later | $9,400 |
| Volkswagen Jetta | 2009 and later | $8,200 |
| SMALL SUVs | MODEL YEARS | PRICE |
| Honda CR-V | 2012 and later | $18,100 |
| Kia Sportage | 2011 and later | $13,800 |
| Hyundai Tucson | 2010 and later | $13,100 |
| Subaru Forester | 2009 and later | $12,800 |
| Mitsubishi Outlander Sport | 2011 and later | $12,000 |
| Volkswagen Tiguan | 2009 and later | $10,200 |
| Honda Element | 2007 and later | $8,900 |
| MIDSIZE SUVs | MODEL YEARS | PRICE |
| Volvo XC60 | 2010 and later | $18,000 |
| Saab 9-4X | 2011-12 | $17,800 |
| Toyota Highlander | 2008 and later | $17,100 |
| Toyota Venza | 2009 and later | $15,900 |
| Ford Edge | 2011 and later; built after February 2011 | $15,500 |
| Ford Flex | 2010 and later | $15,100 |
| GMC Terrain | 2010 and later | $14,900 |
| Kia Sorento | 2011 and later | $14,500 |
| Infiniti EX | 2008 and later | $14,400 |
| Chevrolet Equinox | 2010 and later | $13,700 |
| Dodge Journey | 2010 and later | $11,200 |
| Subaru Tribeca/B9 Tribeca | 2006 and later | $8,500 |
| Volvo XC90 | 2005 and later | $7,300 |
| LARGE SUVs | MODEL YEARS | PRICE |
| Buick Enclave | 2011 and later | $19,900 |
| GMC Acadia | 2011 and later | $17,800 |
| Chevrolet Traverse | 2011 and later | $16,600 |
| MINIVANS | MODEL YEARS | PRICE |
| Chrysler Town & Country | 2012 and later | $18,100 |
| Honda Odyssey | 2011 and later | $17,100 |
| Toyota Sienna | 2011 and later | $16,400 |
| Dodge Grand Caravan | 2012 and later | $15,200 |
| Volkswagen Routan | 2012 | $14,000 |
GOOD CHOICES:
Recommended used vehicles for teens starting under $10,000
Recommended used vehicles for teens starting under $10,000
Vehicles on this list earn good ratings in the IIHS moderate overlap front test and good or acceptable ratings in the side test. If rated by NHTSA, they earn 4 or 5 stars overall or 4 or 5 stars in the front and side tests under the old rating scheme. They also have standard ESC and a better-than-poor rating for head restraints and seats.
Prices, rounded to the nearest $100, were taken from Kelley Blue Book on July 1, 2014, for the lowest trim level and earliest applicable model year based on the following criteria: vehicle in good condition, typical mileage and private party purchase in Arlington, Va.
| LARGE CARS | MODEL YEARS | PRICE |
|---|---|---|
| Acura RL | 2005 and later | $9,700 |
| Mercury Sable | 2009 | $9,700 |
| Kia Amanti | 2009 | $9,500 |
| Ford Taurus | 2009 | $9,100 |
| Audi A6 sedan | 2005 and later | $8,300 |
| Hyundai Azera | 2006 and later | $5,700 |
| MIDSIZE CARS | MODEL YEARS | PRICE |
| Subaru Legacy | 2009 | $9,900 |
| BMW 3-series sedan | 2006 and later | $9,300 |
| Mazda 6 | 2009 and later | $8,900 |
| Saturn Aura | 2009 | $8,800 |
| Acura TL | 2004 and later | $7,900 |
| Volvo S40 | 2007 and later | $7,700 |
| Audi A3 | 2006-07 | $7,400 |
| Mercedes-Benz C-Class sedan | 2005-08 | $6,900 |
| Suzuki Kizashi | 2010 and later | $6,600 |
| Volvo S60 | 2007-09 | $6,500 |
| Audi A4 | 2005-08; built after October 2004 | $6,200 |
| Volkswagen Passat | 2006-08 | $5,100 |
| Saab 9-3 | 2005 and later | $4,000 |
| SMALL SUVs | MODEL YEARS | PRICE |
| Nissan Rogue | 2008 and later | $9,800 |
| Ford Escape | 2009 and later | $8,700 |
| Mazda Tribute | 2009 and later | $8,100 |
| Mitsubishi Outlander | 2007 and later | $6,300 |
| Suzuki Grand Vitara | 2006 and later | $5,600 |
| MIDSIZE SUVs | MODEL YEARS | PRICE |
| Mazda CX-9 | 2007 and later | $9,800 |
| Ford Edge | 2007-10 | $9,600 |
| Hyundai Veracruz | 2007 and later | $9,600 |
| Hyundai Santa Fe | 2007-10 | $8,900 |
| Honda Pilot | 2006 and later | $8,800 |
| Saturn Vue | 2008-09 | $7,700 |
| Ford Taurus X | 2008-09 | $7,500 |
| Mazda CX-7 | 2007-11 | $7,200 |
| Suzuki XL7 | 2008-09 | $6,200 |
| MINIVANS | MODEL YEARS | PRICE |
| Volkswagen Routan | 2009-11 | $8,600 |
| Dodge Grand Caravan | 2008-11 | $8,200 |
| Chrysler Town & Country | 2008-11 | $8,100 |
| Honda Odyssey | 2005-10 | $6,700 |
| Hyundai Entourage | 2007-08 | $6,300 |
| Kia Sedona | 2006 and later | $4,600 |
Note: Some listed models include a "built after" date. This applies when a manufacturer makes changes to improve safety in the middle of a model year. Information about when a specific vehicle was manufactured can be found on the certification label typically affixed to the driver door or near it.
